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endobj Next Sequence Execute a list of statements in order. Case 1 7 0 obj Case value2 <> WriteLine(i) endstream @V]>[{2{ 22 0 obj endobj The goto statement was recognized to be a very powerful WriteLine("Two") WriteLine("Three") became harder and harder to WriteLine(i) action2 Case value1 Put mail on table. End If This was the birth of the discipline of Structured Programming. ElseIf n = 2 Then <> <> structured english suited describing well analysis sequential relatively logic processing steps process control many simple <>/Encoding<>/ToUnicode 47 0 R/FontMatrix[0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0]/Subtype/Type3/Widths[611 0 0 0 333 389 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 0 611]/LastChar 84/FontBBox[17 -15 676 663]/Type/Font>> In fact, it was determined There is no limit to the number of times that the block can be executed. computer scientists have known endobj Execute a block of code (Action) if a Example: Example: Baking Bread Communications of the ACM, March 1966). Bake. If x Mod 2 = 0 16 0 obj Case value3 Example: x=Q;R1s <> endobj 18 0 obj End endobj 38 0 obj %PDF-1.4 % 2 0 obj <> ElseIf pieceIsMagazine Then Put dish in drain rack. Repetition Repeat a block of statements while a condition <>stream Throw in wastebasket. endobj 2. <> WriteLine(x) WriteLine("One") Selection Choose at most one action from action End While Repetition. endobj {xpEn\"axikO'.qzOhFdAfvX!>z Get dish from counter, endobj xMR;N1s endobj <> 36 0 obj @$'e PLfJH nduTj}|W^Zt]>^[,VpvRC\M5Q THuhDRJXK+#CR nGS:tV'O%M2d(pU'_@5\s*)&YShIB*b2qp?hyi'FE'L. endobj Case 1 Wc>=$ QPFy*[ s8whp_34Su Add salt. 32 0 obj End If Repeat a block of code (Action) while a condition is true. If n = 1 Then The block of code is executed at most once. y = 11 instructions. End If 15 0 obj endobj WriteLine("Many") <>stream <>stream records, tabulating and summarizing data, searching for information, and many is true. Next corresponding condition is true. Example: For i = 20 To 1 Step -1 Add yeast. Else ability to alter its behavior, 6 0 obj action1 Get piece of mail from table. Selection. endobj Add yeast. <>stream If condition1 Then condition is true. End While Sequence. Example: Sorting Mail endobj Next Rinse out sink. x = 5 WriteLine("Many") [226] <> End While WriteLine("Two") 33 0 obj 37 0 obj WriteLine(x) endstream endobj action1 WriteLine("The number is even.") Structured Programming in Everyday Life endobj While condition 21 0 obj x = ReadLine() action2 Here is the general form: developed. endobj endobj Add flour. 30 0 obj Case Else Pay it, Knead. condition is true. Read it. Example: [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 0 0 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 611 0 667 722 611 0 722 722 0 0 0 0 833 667 0 611 0 611 500 556 722 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 444 500 444 278 500 500 278 0 444 278 722 500 500 500 500 389 389 278 500 444 667 444 444 389] While x < 100 Stack dishes by sink. WriteLine("Three") While condition If condition Then ElseIf pieceIsBill Then defaultAction WriteLine("Many") WriteLine(i) x = x * x If-Then-Else Statements Execute the first action whose [54 0 R] ElseIf condition3 Then While moreDishes endobj xen0E|"CBHIH,Pi?CTe=C4a3ws%nwg+9LoV&B]e,p~#mTw | If condition Then 10 0 obj endstream If x Mod 2 = 0 Case value3 action1 End If End action Case 2 WriteLine(x) WbB OXV.nH0I8/K/}{{C8K?]6Qm~ ]eQB} yR For i = 20 To 1 Step -1 endobj Example: If n = 1 Then Example: x = 2 defaultAction and decision constructions that are discussed in the following sections. Example: Select Case n <> Selection Choose at most one action from Example: End If Fill sink with hot soapy water. <> ElseIf n = 3 Then zSV`K n%$Gi=[86z44! of the expression. Definite Repetition (For Loop) Combine initialization, End While, x = 5 End Select in sequential order. Case Else Get mail from mailbox. for some time, been able to perform fixed arithmetic operations on data, 26 0 obj WriteLine(i) Throw in wastebasket. action <> WriteLine("Two") simulation bellman optimality 34 0 obj Pay it, x = x * x statement called a for statement. action End Select endobj Let rise. several alternative conditions. If x Mod 2 = 0 Execute a block of code (Action) if a endobj endobj maintain. Rinse out sink. checking a condition, and incrementing a counter in a single 28 0 obj While x < 100 . 27 0 obj Case Else Selection. endobj 8 0 obj While condition WriteLine("Two") Else If condition1 Then <> 4 0 obj that a tremendous power of computing equipment was the <> WriteLine("One") Stack dishes by sink. End If ElseIf pieceIsJunkMail Then endobj End If. endobj WriteLine("Three") <> End While z = x + y 1954) and various low level machine languages, the goto statement allowed Case value2 Get mail from mailbox. Knead. Example: x = ReadLine() If condition Then action action2 action defaultAction Put dish in drain rack. Put mail on table. If pieceIsPersonal Then 35 0 obj 1. <> WriteLine("The number is even.") Case 3 Else the structured programming constructions: (1) sequence, (2) repetition, and (3) selection. 19 0 obj action Add water. For i = 1 To n Step k ' Step k is optional WriteLine("Many") Extensions to Structured Programming Example: For i = 1 To 20 <> [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 180 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 0 0 0 278 0 0 564 0 0 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 278 333 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444] Structured Programming in Visual Basic [59 0 R] ElseIf n = 3 Then Calculating machines had, but the potential of machines capable of making decisions opened up many new For i = 1 To n Step k ' Step k is optional Next i 3. Wash dish, Wash dish, several alternative conditions. While moreMailToSort Lines or blocks of code are written and executed ElseIf condition2 Then z = x + y While x < 100 Fill sink with hot soapy water. Here is the general form: <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Parent 22 0 R/Annots[]/MediaBox[0 0 612 816.96]/Contents[189 0 R]/Type/Page>> endobj endobj If x Mod 2 = 0 Wipe off counter. Case value1 WriteLine("One") Structured programming is a program written with only WriteLine(z) Put in magazine rack. action2 ElseIf pieceIsBill Then condition is true. WriteLine(z) i>p}&dgb7EuIF7i+^^>XY?6^EsXeD#NV98Q)A Npgp)$qgrO,ls#E6L'`#&)i 4A2+.SM\h^|niAmZ_>d ,~n=R0"`u}nI8r)0s% 'R)[DoV?8G{k?Jio WriteLine("The number is even.") End Select. x=S;1:GJ:AT~I:]ZcV*zo{ee\ !vM!j2;rMYwKj5 U hFMq"#KteysJ8,@k_ 7 -ip^[rJ,w# bdR|bN3o i.;B"n[^=Oa]kt]y kJO3J3v~1N(TIm+J(#r-yb3C$dqqho9(_) xG>SJV_xrvs;slp5%x%\!p[IC( End If Example: <> action End If. 3. Select Case value1 action While moreMailToSort Since the invention by Von Neumann of the stored program computer, ElseIf pieceIsMagazine Then Select Case value1 . <> Execute a block of code (Action) if a Repetition Repeat a block of statements while a condition ElseIf condition3 Then If condition Then endobj Dijkstra, in 1966, was one of the first persons to recognize Example: Let rise. Get piece of mail from table. Put in magazine rack. y = 11 Example: lOl+gc~=(sv^*ZB0O9`12fd7[YV[y Zcrk]YT'NEq{hI/k .P%|RS|u_"&X"-D;=O$AYhqv^zE^ #5NW-|)iIGzom3~\, 6t 11 0 obj action3 End If 9 0 obj x = 2 endobj Example: Washing Dishes 5 0 obj , Selection. Next ElseIf n = 2 Then 31 0 obj goto statement (Dijkstra, E. W., "Go To Considered Harmful," End End If WriteLine("One") Select Case n <> Dijkstra showed that any program construction that could be created with , Repetition. While moreDishes 12 0 obj 25 0 obj endobj Add salt. The block of code is executed at most once. ElseIf condition2 Then Get dish from counter, End While The block of code is executed at most once. more advanced operations that could not even be imagined at the time. End Select. Machines that could make decisions were capable of sorting <> WriteLine("The number is even.") Example: For i = 1 To 20 endobj action3 endobj endobj possibilities. 20 0 obj goto statements could be created more simply with the sequence, repetition action1 construction, and soon, programs of increasing complexity and power were WriteLine("Three") Case 3 End While shortly thereafter, that the goto statement is not needed at all. x = x * x Repeat a block of code (Action) while a condition is true. endobj Wipe off counter. 29 0 obj ]%1*-)Nne~'}?yTuehOqQ5>_O_ x = ReadLine() Next i 2. endobj Mix. Bake. Read it. Add flour. Else defaultAction that this run away complexity of programs was due to the overuse of the <> Case 2 [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 250 0 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 722 722 667 611 0 778 389 0 778 667 944 722 0 611 0 722 556 667 0 722 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 0 278 0 0 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 444] Example: 13 0 obj 17 0 obj To make programs easier to read, some additional constructs were added to trajectories medicines ElseIf pieceIsJunkMail Then the basic three original structured programming constructs: Example: x = ReadLine() Select Statement Execute the action corresponding to the value depending on the input data. endstream action3 the computer to deviate from the sequential execution of the program End If Case Else End If 24 0 obj End If. Add water. There is no limit to the number of times that the block can be executed. is true. Mix. x = 2 However, the increasingly complex code that resulted from goto statements <> <>/Encoding<>/ToUnicode 41 0 R/FontMatrix[0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0]/Subtype/Type3/Widths[611 0 0 0 333 389 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 0 611]/LastChar 84/FontBBox[17 -15 676 663]/Type/Font>> action3 3 0 obj 14 0 obj In early programming languages, like Fortran (first invented in <>stream If pieceIsPersonal Then xRn0>HS !HPi?%E*2GSgv0as$|]U@F+}wQM5LWmic?